Black holes are eaters of all things, even radiation. But what if their predatory appetites had an unexpected side effect? A New research Published in Physical review letters suggests that Black holes can erupt Dark energy– And that they could help explain the intriguing Conflict between different measurements of the universeField
Dark energy is a force that stimulates the accelerated expansion of the universe. No one knows what it is, but everything is believed to penetrate. In the theory proposed in a new study, dark energy also arises from dead stars – and therefore did not exist in the universe, until the stars are nearby to begin to die. Although the idea is contradictory, this is an outstanding example of an attempt to understand how dark energy works, whether it changes over time and whether our cosmic accounting can be disabled.
“I am considering this paper“ Black hole ”as an interesting record in this growing canon of people checking:“ What if I add this physics, this reconciles this tension? “” Says Jesse Mür, a physicist from the University of Cincinnati.
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The cosmic factor of the lipstick
History begins with Albert Einstein, whose theory of common relativity predicted existence Black holesThe field at that time also thought that the universe was static, which did not coincide with its theory of gravity; In his equations, everything would have to be combined into one large drop. Since this is not so, Einstein came up with a cosmic factor of a lipstick called “Cosmological constant“To describe the constant and ubiquitous power, which retained the stable.
We will move to three quarters of the century. In 1998, astronomers realized that not only the Universe expanded, but also that This growth has accelerated– A fact that can be explained by constant and ubiquitous force. Constant Einstein has returned, and since then, cosmologists have tried to understand this.
This dark energy, which Einstein marked with the Greek letter Lambda, has long been considered unchanged and reliable in time. Despite this, the cosmologists learned that in the past dark energy was less influential than now. At first, radiation was the most important factor affecting the growth of the children's universe. In the cosmic Middle Ages, they dominated this process as a regular substance, which includes stars, whales of both us, and dark matter, which we cannot see or describe. Today, dark energy is most affected by the growth of the universe. But the changing role Dark Energy complicates the study in time.
“The whole problem with dark energy is that it has become important as yesterday,” says Zach Winner, a physicist at the perimeter institute in Ontario.
Dezi's surprise
The study of how Dark Energy developed over time is one of the goals of the dark energy spectroscopic instrument (Desi), which measures galaxies and sound waves from the early Universe. Located on a mountain called Ioloks Duag in Arizona, Desie uses the Kitt Peak National Observatory to carefully study the objects that were around when the universe was less than half of its current size. Astronomers combine these dimensions with other studies of dark energy and the distribution of substances, including measurements of dark energy (des) of remote supernova and cards of the cosmic microwave background, left from the dawn of the Universe. In 2024 and 2025, DESI experiment results They showed that the galaxies, in the visible, are more subject to less than it should be if Dark Energy strength was constant in space time. But if the dark energy changes, it cannot be cosmological constant. When the results of Deszi are combined with other data sets, the image looks even worse. But Lambda, or constant dark energy, is the central paradigm of the standard cosmology model, which still withstands almost any test.
Enter Black holesThe field of a new hypothesis about them is one of several new ideas that theorists offer since this spring when The latest desi results were publishedField
Physicists Kevin Craker from the University of Arizona and Greg Tarle from the University of Michigan, two of the co -authors of the study of the hypothesis about a new black hole, they say that the results of Desi can be interpreted as a signal of matter converted into dark energy inside black holes. In other words, black holes are mainly tiny bubbles of dark energy. Einstein will find this concept to familiar: energy and mass are equivalent as he showed (En = Ms2) and can be transformed into each other. The first stars would collapse into supermassive black holes, which in some way created dark energy as they grew.
This scenario could help answer two particularly difficult questions, Tarle notes: why is dark energy manifested now, in this era in our space history? And why is the density of dark energy so close to the density of the usual substance, the neat coincidence is strange? He says that these cosmologically connected black holes can respond to both riddles.
“Why now? The stars had to form, and form black holes, and these black holes had to grow, and everything else was supposed to dilute, ”he says. “And why is it close to the density of matter at present? You had to turn this question into dark energy in black holes, and then it had to grow. Dark energy came from this question. “
The model is built with recent dimensions of the speed of stellar formation in the early Universe, and also satisfies a strange problem with ghostly particles known as a neutrino.
Neutrino without outfits do not interact with a regular issue. They are three tastes that can hesitate with each other during travel. Physicists know that neutrinos have mass because they measured the differences between different aromas of neutrino as the identity of the neutrino. But no one knows the exact mass of each taste; We can measure the difference between them, but not their individual values. Measurements from Desi and other polls do not leave much space for massive neutrinos, however, assuming that some cosmic accounting is disconnected.
Crocker and Tarle say that black holes from dark energy provide a chubby mass of neutrino.
Black hole skeptics
Nevertheless, the idea of black holes that turn the mass into dark energy remains controversial. Several researchers said that they are skeptical of the analysis of Crocker and Tarle.
“It is interesting that this can correspond to the data,” says Mur, who was not involved in theory. “It is interesting to look at what he is doing with the neutrino [limits]The field is a question in favor, perhaps this is not a thing for dismissal. ” But she and others did not dare to say anymore.
The presence of cosmologically related black holes is not the only new potential explanation of Desi results. Another leading idea suggests that dark energy is a kind of liquid -like field called quintessence, which temporarily “thaws” in a later universe after the audit. Another describes the “emerging” dark energy that would disappear rare or not detected in early cosmic history, but appears in the recent past. And some teams are working on Mirage Dark Energy, which sets up the models to reproduce the distance to the space microwave. Lodha ate from the Korean Institute of Astronomy and Cosmic Science and several colleagues recently Published a preprint On the arxiv.org server, which studied several versions of these theories and found that the study of fluid physics models can be promising forward.
Meanwhile, other teams are looking for new ideas in the dark. Vitor Petri of the Federal University of Espitritis Santo in Brazil recently conducted a study published on arxiv.org as a preprint, which claims that Potential interactions between dark energy and dark matter Explain the results of Desi better than the standard cosmology model.
All new ideas can be a sign that theorists are more inclined to believe in the result of Desi and are increasingly looking for ways to interpret what this means, Vainer says.
According to Krker, the idea of black holes as dark energy bubbles was discussed for several decades, but many cosmologists dismissed him or questioned the analysis. Croker has published research on such black holes since 2019 with several colleagues. Their key argument is that the material moving around the speed of light – regardless of where it is in the Universe – will be tied to the speed of expansion of the universe. They argued that the masses of the black hole sharply grew in space time, which cannot be explained by typical theories of the growth of a black hole. But this growth makes sense if the black holes somehow bubble dark energy in their hearts. IN Paper Crocker, Tarlè and Duncan Farrah, physicist of the University of Hawaii in Manaa, published in 2023.Researchers calculated that the combined dark energy produced by the growth rate of the first stars in the universe corresponds to the amount of the dark energy that we see today. But several other scientists criticized this work.
Nevertheless, Krocker and his colleagues continued their research, especially when they realized that the theory could help explain the new conclusions of Desi. Several members of Desi Collaboration signed as co -authors of the New Black Hole Paper, which was published in August. Criker says that colleagues are more and more interested this time.
“So science works. You must build a case, ”he says.
While Croker and colleagues continue this process, not everyone agrees that the results of Desi Dark Energy are accurate from the very beginning. Katie Friz, a physicist from the University of Texas in Ostin, is one of the outstanding critics of Desi measurements. She does not agree with some solutions in the Desi analysis, including how he describes two values for dark energy, which can explain how dark energy changes over time. But in the event that Dezi finally shows that dark energy over time varies over time, according to her, the explanation of the crocker is intriguing.
“I am not convinced that there is still evidence,” she says. “I'm not going to say that this is wrong, but this is still preliminary. Therefore, I am definitely interested in hearing what comes from this. ”
Weiner is skeptical of the fact that black holes are dark energy manufacturers. He claims that the model is incomplete in the new article. Weiner also says that it is worth studying many theories that can explain the obvious conclusions of Desi. He believes that more hints can be found to mess with various models that describe dark matter and checking how it interacts with dark energy in some way.
While physicists continue to develop new ideas, Frieze says that she hopes that there is a way to demonstrate, that dark energy is lambda, constant Einstein, the curse of theorists – really substitutions. This will open the door for new physics and the new interpretation of everything that, in our opinion, we know since Einstein.
“This,” she says, “would be much more fun than the fact that it will be constant.”
