In the last months of 1960, that now Gomba National ParkTanzania, Jane Gudoll, who was then 26 years old, made two discoveries who established her name and reputation as a field scientist studying wild monkeys. First, she watched the chimpanzees eat red meat. Up to this point, the scientific consensus, based on almost direct observation, was that the chimpanzees were vegetarians.
Then she became a witness even more Unexpected behavior: A man from chimpanzees, sat down next to a high clay tower built by termites, carefully modifying the long stem of the grass until it became a useful probe. Then the chimpanzees inserted the probe into the narrow tunnel, which went deep into the embankment. As Goodwood soon appeared, members of the soldier's castor of insects inside the embankment instinctively attach their powerful massive massifs on any invasive object – and thus, they became thoroughly eliminated, victims of the cunning monkey. Termites, a potentially significant power source, were tasty enough to serve food for several types of monkeys in this part of East Africa. However, only chimpanzees developed the cultural tradition of “fishing” for them.
Guddul, who died at the age of 91, was not the first person to see how wild chimpanzees use objects as instruments, but she certainly was the first to observe the behavior so carefully and repeatedly and carefully documented it. The fact that the chimpanzees ate meat, and the used tools were amazing discoveries, and with them, Budolla earned its first few paragraphs in the history of primatology.
The project was supposed to end within six months, but the opening of Gudll led to updated support and additional research. At a time when the animals were usually conceptualized as meaningless bundles of reflex and instinct, she came to describe those that she studied as advisory creatures who remembered the past expected that the future, planned, had an emotional life and was determined by an individual personality and character.
She supported the regular presence in this forest (personally, and then through assistants and partners) for more than 25 years, and even after she left active scientific research and moved to her second career as a defender of nature and activist, she continued to study Research Center Gombe StreamThe Gombe Center field today is the longest continuously managing scientific field station.
Since she did this in her own way, and because she was decisive, bold, stable and passionate, Gudll helped create a new style for science about observing animals. She showed how to do it. In 1962, the already leading world expert on wild chimpanzees, in 1962, without a normal bachelor's degree, she entered the University of Cambridge as a candidate for doctoral studies in the field of ethology. She received a doctoral degree in 1966, and by that time she was already known in the USA as the author and subject of some amazing articles by National Geographic Magazine with the participation of her research. She also wrote a popular book for this work, In the shadow of man (1971), which became the international bestseller.
For some time her popularity was ahead of her and even contradicted her scientific reputation. Wasn't a good science to be boring? The attitude of that time was how could someone be so beautiful and first-class scientist? Zoologist Solly Zuckerman He headed the accusation, publicly punishing it after she gave her first article at a scientific conference in 1962 as an amateur, whose messages about how meat were based on a “joke”. Then Tsuckerman described in a particular manner, in a brief number, so that the desmond Morris has his own “anxiety”, stimulated by Gudll's presentation at the conference, “so that the subject, which was usually noted by unscientific treatment, should not continue in unconducted shadow from the glamor.”
Despite such blasphemers, the professional reputation of Goodolla grew. In the early 1970s, she was appointed an invited professor of psychiatry and human biology at the University of Stanford and Zoology at the University of Dar -ES -Salam in Tanzania. Later, she conducted academic appointments at the University of Tafts, the University of South California and Cornell University in the United States. The publication by the Harvard University Publishing House from the publishing house of the Gombapanze Gombanze (1986), summing up the first quarter of a century of knowledge about wild chimpanzees, received mainly from the study of Gomba, caused the International Convention of Pritologists at the Chicago Academy of Sciences. The meeting brought with it a sobering consensus that wild chimpanzees were reduced and threatened with disappearance throughout AfricaWhile chimpanzees in cells outside Africa often threatened cruelty and abuse.
As a result of inspiration, Gudolla finished her direct scientific work to become an activist. She spent the rest of her life, traveling around the world, fighting for the future of chimpanzees and other wild species, and, ultimately, for our own.
Born in London, Jane was the eldest daughter Vanan (Mifanve, nee Joseph) and Mortis (Mortimer) Morris-Gudalla. He was the heir to the funds created by the family business – production gaming cards – and between the wars was the main driver for the Aston Martin racing team. The bath was the daughter of the Minister of Congregation in Bournmouth. She trained as a secretary and worked in London.
Mort and bath met in London and married, and when the Second World War took him, she returned with her two small daughters to the family house in Bournemut. Mort remained in the army for several years after the war, rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and in 1950 he wrote to the bath with a request for a divorce.
Valery Jane (will soon become “VJ”, then “Jane”) grew up with her sister Judy, in a poor, but cheerful and caring household consisting of women: grandmother, mother and two unmarried aunts. Her mother believed in that type of education when the mind was priority over the rules; And in the era, when the girls usually came across a narrow way of opportunities, the bath told her daughter that she could do whatever she wanted if she tried enough. The fact that the young girl wanted more than anything was Tarzan, her hero from the books she read, sitting in the branches of her beloved tree. She wanted to swing through trees and live among monkeys in Africa.
It was a childhood dream, and yet it was serious. Jane began to study animals. She tamed the birds that came into her bedroom window. She learned to ride. She wandered up and down the rocks, where she met small mammals. She was from an early age, an impressive focus.
Once there was an opportunity to follow her children's dream. This came in the form of a letter from an old school friend, whose father in the post -war colonial Kenya acquired a farm on the hills near Nairobi. The letter invited her to visit Africa and stay on the farm.
To date, she left the school of a rebound, a pool, and, following the advice of her mother, acquired work as a secretary: first in Oxford, then in London. But after the invitation to Africa arrived, she returned home to Bornmut and the waitress until she had enough money to buy her boat passage. She arrived in Nairobi on April 3, 1957, just in time to celebrate her 23rd birthday. Living on a farm for a month, she found a room and secretary work in the city.
But where were wild animals, and how could she find them? She made the most direct approach, which was supposed to introduce himself to the curator of the Museum of the Natural History of Corindon in Nairobi, Louis LikiThe field as a paleoanthropologist, he was determined to follow his conviction that the evolution of man arose in Africa, and believed that part of the knowledge of the great history requires an understanding of the behavior of our low -fat ancestors and in the study of the closest living relatives of mankind: the great monkeys of African, especially chimpanzes.
By the mid-1950s, several insightful anthropologists accepted this idea, but almost no one knew where or how to find chimpanzees. And much more difficult than finding them, there would be a problem to get close enough to study them. They were wild and unstable. And they were more than the strongest person many times. They were dangerous, and people were usually not stupid enough to look for them without weapons.
Then Goodoll came. She made a positive first impression on the faces and was hired as his secretary in the museum. She was passionate about animals, he admitted, and she showed that she was able to load on safari for long periods of time.
Liki decided to organize an expedition to the wild shells of the western territory of the Tanganika (now part of Tanzania), where Guddoll will place a camp as part of the forest on the edge of Lake Tanganika, which the British was identified as a Gombanza reserve. It was a distant place, but in this forest it was possible to find chimpanzees, and perhaps Liki suggested that his secretary would find something useful.
Since the British colonial authorities decided that not a single woman was allowed to get into the forest alone, Mother Goodwill agreed to accompany her. They hired a cook in Kigoma, Dominic Charles Bandor. Thus, in July 1960, the most incredible scientific expedition in the world.
In the end, Gudll received more than 50 honorary degrees, in 2002 he became the messenger of the United Nations of the World, and the next year, a lady. She received the Stott Science Award at the University of Cambridge, the Kyoto Award in Japan and the Kilimanjaro medal from Tanzania.
In 1977, she founded Jane Goodoll Institutewhich works to protect chimpanzees and support youth projects aimed at the benefit of animals and the environment. Unfortunate, like a lawyer, during her death she conducted a performance in the United States.
In 1964, Goodoll married a wildlife photographer, Hugo Van Lavik, with whom she had a son, also Hugo. The couple divorced in 1974. Her second marriage in 1975 with the British Tanzani farmer and politician Derek Bryizeson, born in British origin, ended in his death in 1980. She had a son, three grandchildren and her sister.